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The Fortress of Van (Armenian: Վանի Բերդ, also known as Van Citadel, (トルコ語:Van Kalesi) or (クルド語:Kela Wanê)) is a massive stone fortification built by the ancient kingdom of Urartu during the 9th to 7th centuries BC, and is the largest example of its kind. It overlooks the ruins of Tushpa the ancient Urartian capital during the 9th century which was centered upon the steep-sided bluff where the fortress now sits. A number of similar fortifications were built throughout the Urartian kingdom, usually cut into hillsides and outcrops in places where modern-day Armenia, Turkey and Iran meet. Successive groups such as the Medes, Achaemenids, Armenians, Parthians, Romans, Sassanid Persians, Byzantines, Arabs, Seljuks, Safavids, Afsharids, Ottomans and Russians each controlled the fortress at one time or another. The ancient fortress is located just west of Van and east of Lake Van in the Van Province of Turkey. The lower parts of the walls of Van Citadel were constructed of unmortared basalt, while the rest was built from mud-bricks. Such fortresses were used for regional control, rather than as a defense against foreign armies. The ruins of this fortress sit outside the modern city of Van, where they support walls built in the medieval era.〔The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World〕 A stereotyped trilingual inscription of Xerxes the Great from the 5th century BC is inscribed upon a smoothed section of the rock face, some 20 meters (60 feet) above the ground near the fortress. The niche was originally carved out by Xerxes' father King Darius, but left the surface blank. The inscription survives in near perfect condition and is divided into three columns of 27 lines written in (from left to right) Old Persian, Babylonian, and Elamite. It is the only known Achaemenid royal inscription located outside of Iran. Other cuneiform inscriptions are typically off limits unless to large tour groups. It states that: When it was published by Eugène Burnouf in 1836,〔Burnouf, ''Mémoire sur deux inscriptions cunéiformes trouvées près d'Hamadan et qui font partie des papiers du Dr Schulz'', Paris, 1836; Schulz, an orientalist from Hesse, had been sent out by the French foreign ministry to copy inscriptions but had been murdered in 1829; see Arthur John Booth, ''The Discovery and Decipherment of the Trilingual Cuneiform Inscriptions'' 1902, esp. pp 95ff, 206.〕 through his realization that it included a list of the satrapies of Darius (repeated by Xerxes in nearly identical language), he was able to identify and publish an alphabet of thirty letters, most of which he had correctly deciphered. Burnouf's reading of the Van trilingual inscription had made a significant contribution to the deciphering of Old Persian cuneiform.〔Another photograph of the inscription.〕 Silva Tipple New Lake led an American expedition to the ruins in 1938-40.〔''Who Was Who in America'', v. 5, 1969-1973 http://books.google.com/books?ei=KItvTuLtHcjh0QGj8uWCCg&ct=result&id=jHXhAAAAMAAJ&q=tipple〕 == Gallery == Image:Van castle, Turkey.jpg|Citadel with the ruins of the city of Tushpa below. Image:Van kalesi.jpg|Van Fortress Image:TushpaMain02.jpg|The walls of the fortress (Russian Archeological Society, 1916). Image:Sarduri annals 1915.jpg|Annals of Sarduri (1915). Image:Tushpa Stairs01.jpg|Stairs at the fortress. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Van Fortress」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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